Reference
Guides
Reference notes written for people who read the certificate before they read the price. No dosing, no protocols, no claims about effects — analytical methods, what the numbers on a laboratory report mean, and how to check them against the laboratory rather than against us.
Reading a certificate 11
- 01 How to read a certificate of analysis Content and purity are different numbers, area percent is not mass percent, and a report you cannot verify is a picture of a report. What each field on a peptide COA actually tells you.
- 02 What 99% Purity Actually Means on a Peptide Certificate Purity is the share of UV-absorbing peak area in one HPLC run — not the share of the powder, and not the amount in the vial. What the figure includes, what it leaves out, and why 99.2% and 99.8% are the same number in practice.
- 03 How to Verify a Janoshik Lab Report Yourself An image of a lab report proves nothing on its own. How to look up a Janoshik certificate at the laboratory, which fields to compare, and what verification can and cannot tell you.
- 04 How to Spot an Edited or Fake Certificate of Analysis Certificates are PDFs, and PDFs can be edited. Six checks that catch most altered or borrowed lab reports: laboratory verification, lot matching, internal inconsistencies, file inspection, what has been left out, and who commissioned the test.
- 05 How to Read an HPLC Chromatogram on a Peptide Certificate The purity percentage on a peptide certificate comes from one picture. What the axes, peaks, shoulders and integration on an HPLC trace mean, and what the trace cannot prove.
- 06 Net Peptide Content: Why a 10 mg Vial Is Not 10 mg of Powder Freeze-dried peptide is peptide plus counter-ions plus water. What net peptide content means, TFA versus acetate salts, how content is measured and why it differs from purity.
- 07 Lot Numbers and Traceability: Tying a Certificate to a Vial A certificate describes one lot of material. What a lot is, why the lot code is the most important field on a report, what good traceability looks like and the gaps to watch for.
- 08 Comparing Peptide Lab Reports Across Suppliers Different laboratories format reports differently, but the same fields carry the information. How to sort reports into verifiable and unverifiable, compare two suppliers on equal terms, and the five questions worth asking before you order.
- 09 Which Quality Claims on a Peptide Site Actually Mean Something Which phrases on a peptide listing can be checked against a document, and which are only words. A one-line test for each of the seven most common.
- 10 A New Lot Arrived: Six Things to Check Before Using It A new lot is a new material with its own purity, content and impurity profile. The six checks, what to recalculate, and what to ask on a repeat order.
- 11 COA Checker: Work Out What a Certificate Actually Says Three calculators for any supplier’s certificate: measured content against the label, price per mg of peptide, and lot match.
Analytical methods 8
- 12 How Mass Spectrometry Confirms a Peptide’s Identity Purity says how clean a sample is; identity says what it is. How mass spectrometry confirms a peptide's molecular weight, what the extra peaks mean, and what the method cannot tell you.
- 13 Endotoxin testing, and what EU per vial actually means Endotoxin survives the things that kill bacteria, EU per vial and EU per milligram are not interchangeable, and a low figure is not a sterility result.
- 14 How Peptide Blends Are Tested, and How to Read Their Certificates A blend needs a number for every component. How laboratories separate and quantify multi-peptide products, what purity means for a blend, and a checklist for reading blend certificates.
- 15 TFA, Acetate and Other Counter-Ions: What the Salt Form Means for a Peptide Most research peptides are supplied as salts. Where TFA and acetate counter-ions come from, how they affect powder weight and content, and what they mean for HPLC and mass spectrometry results.
- 16 Lipidated Peptides: How a Fatty-Acid Chain Changes Handling and Analysis Tirzepatide, retatrutide and cagrilintide carry a fatty-acid chain. What lipidation is, and how it changes solubility, aggregation, surface adsorption, HPLC and mass spectrometry.
- 17 Why Two Laboratories Report Different Numbers Two laboratories will not report identical numbers for the same lot. Where the differences come from, how much disagreement is ordinary for purity, content and identity, and the five checks to run before concluding that a report is wrong.
- 18 Why a Peptide Can Pass HPLC and Still Fail Mass Spectrometry Purity and identity are separate questions. The four errors HPLC misses, the four mass spectrometry cannot see, and what to ask for.
- 19 Sterile, Endotoxin-Tested, Non-Pyrogenic: Three Different Claims Three words used as if they meant the same thing. What each test measures, why a sterile vial can fail on endotoxin, and what a credible claim includes.
By compound 10
- 20 Reading a Retatrutide Certificate of Analysis What a retatrutide COA reports field by field: content per vial and why it reads above the label, what the fatty-acid chain changes in the chromatography, why identity needs mass spectrometry, and the six checks to run before accepting a lot.
- 21 Reading a Tirzepatide Certificate of Analysis Content, purity and endotoxin on a tirzepatide COA: why measured content differs from the label weight, what the C20 chain changes in the chromatography, how to read an EU/vial figure correctly, and the checks to run on a lot.
- 22 Reading a BPC-157 and TB-500 Blend Certificate A blend has no single purity figure — two main peaks make that number meaningless. What a blend certificate should report per component, why the exact TB-500 species matters for the mass result, and how to check the mixing ratio.
- 23 Reading a GHK-Cu Certificate: What the Copper Changes GHK-Cu is a tripeptide bound to copper, and a routine certificate measures only the peptide half. What the purity figure covers, why colour is a useful first check, how the metal complicates mass spectrometry, and what the copper does to handling.
- 24 Reading a Tesamorelin Certificate of Analysis Tesamorelin is 44 residues with an N-terminal hexenoyl group. Why long peptides carry lower purity figures, why deletion sequences hide under the main peak, and why the identity result must include the modification.
- 25 Cyclic Peptides, Amides and D-Amino Acids on a Certificate Cyclic peptides, C-terminal amides and D-amino acids each create a way for a lot to be wrong while the purity line still looks fine. The 18 Da that reveals uncyclised material, the 1 Da that distinguishes an amide, and why mass cannot confirm stereochemistry.
- 26 How to Read a Cagrilintide Certificate of Analysis A real CAG5 lot read line by line: content above label, 99.8% purity, and the two things the fatty acid side chain changes.
- 27 Reading a NAD+ Certificate: Why It Is Not a Peptide Report NAD+ is not a peptide, so a purity line in the peptide sense does not apply. What a content-only report does tell you, and what actually spoils a vial.
- 28 Reading a Selank + Semax Blend Certificate (KX20) A blend label is a sum, not a split. A real KX20 lot added up vial by vial, and why a single purity figure for a blend means nothing.
- 29 Two MOTS-c Lots, Two Different Certificates Same compound, two sizes, two very different reports. What a missing purity line actually means, and why we do not borrow a figure from the other lot.
Handling and stability 6
- 30 Storage and handling of lyophilised peptides Why the dry state is the stable one, the mistake most people make in the first minute after unboxing, and what changes once material is in solution.
- 31 Peptide Degradation: Oxidation, Deamidation, Hydrolysis and Aggregation Why a peptide that tested 99% pure does not stay that way by default. The main chemical and physical degradation pathways, what drives them and how they show up on a later analysis.
- 32 Shipping Temperature and Cold Packs: What Matters for Lyophilised Peptides Why lyophilised peptides ship at ambient temperature, why moisture rather than heat is the real transit risk, why a one-day cold pack adds little to a five-day shipment, and what to inspect when a parcel arrives.
- 33 My Vial Looks Empty: Fill Volume, Overfill and What Is Normal Why a lyophilised cake occupies so little space, how to read the three content figures on a vial, and the four things actually worth querying.
- 34 Fridge, Freezer or Room Temperature: Storing Lyophilised Peptide Vials Moisture, not temperature, usually damages a freeze-dried peptide. The three storage states, and why freeze-thaw cycling causes most problems.
- 35 What a Peptide Colour and Cake Appearance Can Tell You Most of what a freeze-dried cake looks like is a record of how it was dried. Which appearances are normal, and which are worth querying.
Preparing solutions 3
- 36 Solubility and Solvent Choice for Lyophilised Research Peptides Which solvent a peptide needs follows from its sequence. Net charge and isoelectric point, the solvents laboratories use, a workable order of operations, and what to record so a result can be repeated.
- 37 Why a Reconstituted Peptide Goes Cloudy, Gels or Precipitates Haze, flakes and gels are usually chemistry, not a bad lot. How to read each symptom, and when the lot is worth querying.
- 38 Calculating the Concentration of a Reconstituted Stock Solution The arithmetic is one division. The error comes from using the label figure instead of measured net peptide content, with a worked example.
Ordering 7
- 39 How to pay with cryptocurrency New to paying with crypto? A plain-English, step-by-step walkthrough: wallet, stablecoins, sending payment, and confirming your order.
- 40 What Happens After You Place an Order Every step of a crypto-paid order: the 48-hour hold, sending payment on the right network, submitting the transaction ID, confirmation, next-business-day dispatch, tracking, and what to do if something goes wrong.
- 41 What “For Research Use Only” Actually Means What "for research use only" actually means, what it implies about sterility, pharmacopoeial compliance and manufacturing standards, and why the way a supplier handles the phrase tells you how it handles its certificates.
- 42 Why Two Suppliers Charge Very Different Prices for the Same Peptide Part of the gap is real cost, part is the labelled milligrams not meaning the same thing. How to work out price per milligram of verified peptide.
- 43 Can I See the Certificate for the Lot That Will Ship? The useful question is not whether a COA exists, but whether it belongs to the lot that will ship and can be checked with the laboratory.
- 44 Why Crypto Only, and What Replaces a Chargeback Card processing is closed to this category, not chosen against. What you give up, and what a supplier should put in writing instead.
- 45 A Vial Arrived Broken or Missing: What to Do First Photograph before unpacking, keep the vial sealed, and raise it within seven days. What counts as a compromised seal, and what only looks like damage.